apostrophes (part 1)

One reason for an apostrophe ’ is to replace a missing letter or letters in shortened forms

it's = it is or it has

I've = I have 

I'm = I am

he's = he is or he has

she'll = she will or she shall

they'd = they had

you're = you are

they're = they are

who's = who is or who has

aren't = are not

doesn't = does not

won't - will not

don't = doesn't 
where'er = wherever

goin' = going
'n' = and
o'clock = of the clock
let's = let us
we're = we are 
Hallowe'en = eve 

Test yourself:

What do the following stand for?

1. they're
2. who's
3. it's
4. you're

This knowledge will be useful for further grammar points!

Answers: paste the upside down answers into FLIP

 to save standing on your head!

ǝɹɐ noʎ ˙4  
sı ʇı ˙3  
ssı oɥʍ ˙2  
ǝɹɐ ʎǝɥʇ ˙1