thunder and lightning

Although the two words can sound the same, there is no E in lightning, so you should really pronounce it differently.  Say it as fast as lightning!


Lightning, the weather.

thunder and lightning

a bolt of lightning

a lightning strike 

he runs like lightning

Lightening comes from the verb to lighten, to make light in the sense of colour, brightness or weight

the sky is lightening

lightening the load

I used to get this one wrong myself. Just think about the meaning.  

emotive v emotional

emotive and emotional are not interchangeable

emotive is used to describe issues which are sensitive or controversial

emotive language is when words are chosen to excite emotions and are used frequently in newspaper reports

eg "slaughtered" is a more emotive word than "killed"

This headline regarding photos of a model with a bruised eye:

Phtotographer behind emotive pictures of Glee start Heather Morris issues an apology. The photo shoot caused much controversy …

This advice about when not to use email:

avoid emotive topics – like appraisals or requests for a pay rise. These are far better dealt with face-to-face. 

The issues of the sectarian and offensive singing both by Celtic and Rangers supporters and Green Brigade's poppy protest predictably proved the most emotive subjects raised during Celtic's AGM.

compare -

emotional is used to describe people's feelings, often sad ones

an emotional day eg at a wedding or funeral

she was emotional means she was in tears or on the verge of tears

eg the headline "Angelina Jolie gets emotional at awards ceremony"

spot the mistakes

Even while out for a meal in the West End, I have been toiling on your behalf.

Can you spot the mistakes in the publicity below?

Answers on ANSWERS PAGE.

1. Monday night's, Quiz Night.
2. Yes it isn't really long until Christmas, Have you still to book your works night out etc..
3. Progressive, Seasonal, fresh pub food …
4. Wee one's. Our children's licence runs until 8pm.
5. Our Fantastic Festive drinks range
6. Why not Host your own roast?

personal pronouns

We've previously looked at I or me.  

The same rules apply to other pronouns.

I, we, he, she & they are the subject forms; 

me, us, him, her & them are the object forms.

you is the same for both subject and object. 

There is no such word as yous or youse! 

Use of I we he she they- the subject of a verb

I will be late.

Jim and I will be late.

We will be late. 

He and she will be married in June.

We buy our clothes in designer stores, we young things. (The second we is still the subject of buy.)

I went shopping. 

My friends and I went shopping. 

We went shopping.

They went shopping.

You can't start a sentence with me or us or him or her or them (unless her mother…  Here, her is an adjective not a pronoun)

Me and Jim were late. xxxxx wrong

Him and me were late. xxxxx wrong

Jim and I were late.

He and I were late

Normally you put the other person before yourself. It's polite!

Use of me us him her them as the object of a verb.

Did you see me in town?

Did you see us in town?

Did you see Mary and me in town?

The object form is used after a preposition: for, with, to etc

with me, after us, between you and me, for John and us,  by them.

Test yourself

Fix the mistakes in the following. 

1. Is this present for Tom and I?
2. Me and Annie are going to London.
3. Us oldies like our comforts. 
   
4. Him and me are very happy.
5. Are yous coming? 
6. He asked you and I for lunch.
7. We like our curries, us young ones.
8. Her and her mother are fond of shoes.
9. He took her and I to the seaside. 
10. Between you and I, she's a cheat.

Answers

1. Is this present for Tom and me?
2. Annie and I are going to London.
3. We oldies like our comforts. 
   
4. He and I are very happy.
5. Are you coming? 
6. He asked you and me for lunch.
7. We like our curries, we young ones.
8. She and her mother are fond of shoes.
9. He took her and me to the seaside. 
10. Between you and me, she's a cheat.

subject verb object

We've talked about subject and verb before in What is a sentence?

Today we'll expand on that. 

To find the object in a sentence, if it has one, first you need to find the subject and verb. Remember not all sentences have an object, but all statement sentences have a subject and a verb.

Mary likes chocolate.

Verb = likes

Subject (the person or thing doing the verb)= Mary

Object (ask what does Mary like?) = chocolate.

Andy and his wife bought a beautiful old house.

Verb = bought

Subject (who bought?)= Andy and his wife

Object (what did Andy and his wife buy?) = a beautiful old house

My dog Titch chased a cat today in the park.

Verb = chased

Subject = my dog Titch

Object = a cat
(today is an adverb of time and in the park an adverbial phrase of place)

Firemen rescued a frightened horse from a disused swimming pool.
Verb = rescued

Subject = firemen

Object  = a frightened horse

The government could force companies to make our food healthier.
Verb = could force
Subject = the government
Object = companies

Test yourself

Find the object

1. Cows eat grass.
2. Thieves stole lead from the church roof.
3. The children saw lots of animals at the zoo.
4. The train is leaving the station.
5. John ate all of his dinner.
6. The gas fire heats the room efficiently.
7. Dreaming eases painful memories.

Answers

1. grass
2. lead
3. lots of animals
4. the station
5. all of his dinner
6. the room
7. painful memories

Understanding rules about subject (=nominative) and object (accusative) is important when learning other languages such as German.

Test number 2

Can you spot the myriad of mistakes in the genuine selections below.

1. We don't need no education.  (from song Another Brick in the Wall)
2. We first discovered that Mango the dog was up for surfing when she followed my wife and I right out into the surf one day. (quote on BBC news site)
3. And just looking up and seeing the red and the black going over the top. (quote on BBC news site)
4. You need to practice as hard as you can to qualify! (CBBC website)
5.  Guest's wishing to Dine in room, Our Daily Menu's are available upon request. (in hotel room)
6.  Not so much a grammar question; what does this door sign mean?? 

AMBULANT USER WC UNISEX

Answers

1. double negative - We don't need (any) education.
2. my wife and  me (object of verb followed)
3. non sentence - no verb and subject, would need to be, "We just looked up and saw…"
4. "to practise" verb
5. Where to begin? non sentence, wrong plurals, misuse of capitals, generally garbled. Should be something like "If you wish to dine in your room, please ask for the daily menu."
6. Toilet (next door to disabled toilet, so, presumably, toilet for anyone else) ambulant means walking. This is from a council facility somewhere in Ayrshire.

definitely

There is definitely no A in definitely!

I think the tendency to put an A in place of the second I is linked to the tendency to put the emphasis on the third syllable, when speaking, for effect. The stress should be on the first syllable.

Related words are all from the same Latin root finire to finish and definire to set bounds.

finish

finite

definite

definition

NB always …INI…

Which is better?

Comparatives and Superlatives

the sign of the compartive is -er  or more and the superlative -est or most

A comparative compares 2 things or 2 sets of things

This load of washing is dirtier than that load.

This photo is more appealing than the other.

A superlative compares lots of things

This is the dirtiest towel in the pile.

This photo is the most appealing of them all.

Often the superlative is used when it should be the comparative.

Which is better? Which is best?

better is the comparative form of the adjective good. It compares 2 things or 2 sets of things. 

Brand A is good, but brand B is better. Which is better? Brand B.

best is the superlative form of good. It compares a lot of things.

Brand A is good,  brands B and C are better, but brand D is the best.

Which is best? Brand D.

More examples:

You have 2 children, don't you? Which is the older?

Tom likes both apples and oranges. Which does he like better?

Don like lots of fruit. Which does he like the best?

 

Marriage notice

On the 3rd November, Jane, youngest daughter of Jim and Freda, was married to Robert, older son of Michael and Ann.

What does this tell you about the number of brothers and sisters of the happy couple?

Jane has at least 2 older sisters  and may also have brothers.

Robert has 1 younger brother and may have sisters.

Test yourself

1. I have 2 sons, James and David. James is the old…
2. Granny has 10 grandchildren. Amy is the young…
3. Which of the twins is the bright…?
4. Who in the class is the mo… intelligent?

Answers:

1. I have 2 sons, James and David. James is the older.
2. Granny has 10 grandchildren. Amy is the youngest.
3. Which of the twins is the brighter?
4. Who in the class is the most intelligent?

continuous

Continuous(ly) and continual(ly) 

These two words have similar meanings and are often used interchangeably,  but there is a difference. 

continuous means unbroken, uninterrupted, non-stop

a continuous line

continuous play of music or a film

in continuous use

in a continuous movement

cameras in taxis will run continuously

a feeling of being continuously under surveillance

continual means often repeated

continual disruption

she continually asked for money

Sometimes the distinction is blurred.

continual improvement or continuous improvement?

Test yourself

1. the film played in a ………… loop
2. he …………ly failed his driving test
3. the castle has been …………ly occupied for 4 centuries
4. we can see a ………… improvement

 

Answers: paste them into FLIP

 ʇuǝɯǝʌoɹdɯı snonuıʇuoɔ ɐ ǝǝs uɐɔ ǝʍ 4
sǝıɹnʇuǝɔ 4 ɹoɟ pǝıdnɔɔo ʎlsnonuıʇuoɔ uǝǝq sɐɥ ǝlʇsɐɔ ǝɥʇ 3
ʇsǝʇ ƃuıʌıɹp sıɥ pǝlıɐɟ ʎllɐnuıʇuoɔ ǝɥ 2
dool snonuıʇuoɔ ɐ uı pǝʎɐld ɯlıɟ ǝɥʇ 1

i before e

IE or EI
 

I before E except after C goes the old saying and it works quite well as long as it is an eeee sound.

IE

field

siege

piece

pierce

CEI words

ceiling

receive  

perceive

conceive 

deceive 
receipt

conceit

deceit

EXCEPTIONS

EI exceptions

weird

seize

names: Sheila, Keith, Neil, Stein, Rheims

chemical words: caffeine, protein, codeine

IE exceptions

species

plurals and past tense of -cy words These are not usually a problem.

policy policies (not really an eeee sound)

transparency transparencies

fancy fancied

Foreign words follow their own rules!
 

What is a sentence? part 2

Last time we saw that a statement sentence has to have a subject and a verb. 

In commands such as "listen", the subject is always "you" but it is not stated, so commands are sentences.   

In these days of text messages and tweets and comments we often don't use sentences which is fine in the context. But the point of this blog is how to write correct English when it is important eg for work, for essays, for reports, for job applications and so on.

Today your test is to find the non-sentences.

Going to get some work done.  This is not a sentence. It should be "I'm going …"

Get your coat.  This is a sentence. It is a command.
How to stay safe by the sea. This has no subject/verb and is not a sentence. It is typical of a headline or byline.

1. Can't find my purse.
2. Treat yourself to some fine Scottish smoked salmon.
3. Just wanted to wish you a happy birthday.
4. Plans are going well for the move.
5. The best foods to include in your meals.

Answers

1. Can't find my purse. Not a sentence. A sentence would be I can't find my purse.
2. Treat yourself to some fine Scottish smoked salmon. This is a command so is a sentence.
3. Just wanted to wish you a happy birthday. Not a sentence. I just wanted …
4. Plans are going well for the move. Sentence.
5. The best foods to include in your meals. Not a sentence.  These are the best foods …

What is a sentence? part 1

Apart from exclamations, such as …

Help! Ouch! Drat! How wonderful!

questions such as …

Why? How much?

or commands such as …

Stand up! Watch out! Listen carefully! 

… the minimum requirement for is sentence is a subject and a verb. This is called a statement sentence.

1. The cat slept.
2. The fat cat slept peacefully on the sofa.

The verb (sometimes referred to as a doing word) in the above examples is "slept". 

To find the subject of a sentence you need to ask "who or what did the verb", that is "who slept?"  
Answer - the cat in 1, the fat cat in 2




The verb "to be" is harder to spot since it is not a doing word.
The boy is happy. 
The verb here is "is" and the subject is "the boy"

Other parts of the verb to be are:
am, are, is, was, were, will be, have/has/had been




Test yourself
What is the verb in the following sentences?

1. Mum and dad were on holiday last week.
2. The witness identified the suspect.
3. Petrol prices have risen again.
4. Everything must change.
5. I am in love with you.
6. I put a spell on you.
7. You made me so very happy.
8. Only the good die young. 
9. How long does a tear take to dry?
10. The blues are still blue.

(I resorted to looking in my playlist for inspiration here, in case you're wondering about the odd sentences)







Answers

1. Mum and dad were on holiday last week.
2. The witness identified the suspect.
3. Petrol prices have risen again.
4. Everything must change.
5. I am in love with you.
6. I put a spell on you.
7. You made me so very happy.
8. Only the good die young. 
9. How long does a tear take to dry?
10. The blues are still blue.

In 4 if you said must change that is OK

and in 9 if you included to dry that is OK too.

Now, identify the subject of the verb by asking who is doing the verb?

Answers

1. Mum and dad
2. The witnesses
3. Petrol prices 
4. Everything
5. I
6. I
7. You
8. the good
9. a tear
10. the blues

You'll notice that 
1  the subject can be one word or several words
2  the subject is most commonly before the verb in normal word order.  In questions the word order changes.

grateful for small mercies

Today's post is prompted by this cringe-worthy misspelling "greatfull". It is wrong on 2 counts. Regular readers of this blog will know that when full is tagged on to another word it becomes -ful; so wrong ending, but also wrong root. Grateful has nothing to do with great or greatness but everything to do with gratitude. Italian "grazie" for thank you is in the same word family.

It often surprises me that people do not make the connection between words such as grateful and gratitude.

Test yourself

Can you think of the noun that is related to each of the following adjectives? By that I mean a word from the same family. For example

happy - happiness

angry - anger

elegant - elegance

1. beautiful
2. mysterious
3. clean
4. wide
5. hot
6. young
7. proud
8. high
9. jealous
10. relieved
11. fragile
12. nutritious
13. equal
14. unequal
15. antique

Answers:

1. beautiful beauty
2. mysterious mystery
3. clean cleanliness
   
4. wide width
5. hot heat
   
6. young youth (youngster is also a noun)
7. proud pride
8. high height
9. jealous jealousy
   
10. relieved relief
11. fragile fragility
    
12. nutritious nutrition
13. equal equality
14. unequal inequality
    
15. antique antiquity

affect effect

These 2 are quite tricky and I've tried to keep it simple with the most common usages.


(i)  effect - the noun meaning an end result

cause and effect

what effect did x have on y?

the effect of the gulf stream on our climate

sound effects

it had the opposite effect

his personal effects 

(ii) affect, on the other hand, is a verb meaning to have an influence on

she was badly affected by the death of her father
the poor summer weather will affect sales of ice cream

It is easy to see why confusion can arise: when an action affects something, it produces an effect.


(iii) another meaning of to affect and have an affectation ls the idea of putting on airs

he affected an American accent
a childish affectation
he had military affectations although he had never been in the services

RULE OF THUMB
so  EFFECT is a noun and AFFECT is a verb


affect is never a noun
(iv)  but effect can be a verb in the sense to bring about change

he effected changes in working practices

affective/effective?

almost always it will be effective

effective - the adjective meaning having the intended effect

is this treatment effective?

affective is only a psychological term as in

Seasonal Affective Disorder

affected / effected?

Most often it will be affected. This is frequently done incorrectly. Same rules (ii) and (iv) apply as for affect the verb and effect the verb. 
affected means impacted upon
effected means brought about, produced

we won't be affected
the worst affected areas
reforms will be effected immediately

Test yourself
effect/affect?

1. with immediate …………
2. the suspension would take ………… from Saturday
3. the storms may ………… ferry sailings
4. the new boss is not having much …………
5. were you ……………ed by the power cut last night 
6. ………………ive measures were taken to prevent another accident

ANSWERS

1. with immediate effect (noun)
2. the suspension would take effect (noun) from Saturday
3. the storms may affect (verb) ferry sailings
   
4. the new boss is not having much effect (noun)
5. were you affected (impacted upon) by the power cut last night 
6. effective measures were taken to prevent another accident

ee, by gum

Today, more for interest than instruction, we're looking at words ending in -ee such as employee.

These come to us from French (-é, -ée) and/or Latin and usually refer to people. (exception: guarantee!)

an employee is someone who is employed
a divorcee is someone who is divorced

an addressee is someone to whom a letter or package has been addressed

a retiree is someone who has retired

a trainee is someone who is being trained

an amputee is someone who has had something amputated

Are you seeing a pattern here? the -ed past participle.

These words are often used in a legal or financial context
licensee who has been licensed to sell alcohol
lessee who has leased a property
trustee who has been trusted to handle the finances of, say, a charity
payee to whom a cheque will be paid to



a fiancé or fiancée has come to us more recently from French and still has the ´acute accent and the extra e for feminine. The first is the man and the second the woman. They can be pronounced fee-on-say or fee-on-see


Can you think of any other -ee words?

you can say that again

This post is about tautology, a figure of speech where a word or phrase is unnecessary since the same idea is already in the sentence. It is not necessarily wrong, but it can be annoying and is not good style. Consider the following examples. Are some more acceptable than others?

to reverse back

in close proximity

a new innovation

in my opinion, I think that

completely unique

The last 2 annoy me more than the first three! My husband always shouts, "You can't reverse forwards!" when someone says the first one on the television. If you want to share any tautologies that annoy you,  please comment!

which witch?

Distinguishing which from witch and where from were isn't really a problem in the west of Scotland where we clearly enunciate our wh sound. But elsewhere there does seem to be confusion.

wh is often the start of a question word like which, where, why, when, who and what so that should help.

Which one do you prefer?

The old witch scared the children.

Where is the post office?

We were late as usual.

This doesn't help distinguish whales from Wales though!

double negative

Negatives are words like not, never, nowhere, no-one, no more, nobody

he doesn't like anyone

you will never win

he's not going anywhere

Double (and sometimes even triple!) negatives are not necessary but are often heard, maybe for comic effect or for emphasis and are often heard in song lyrics eg

"you don’t want me no more" which should be "you don't want me any more"

it ain't gonna worry me no more

you won't win nothing

no-one never comes here no more

Test yourself

Put into correct written English:

1. You're not getting nothing.
2. No-one comes here no more.
3. Don't you tell nobody. (Rod Stewart song) 
4. Never buy nothing from him.

Answers

1. You're not getting anything. or You're getting nothing.
2. No-one comes here any more. or No more do people come here. (the latter is more a poetic style than every day speech)
3. Don't (you) tell anybody. or Tell nobody.
4. Never buy anything from him. or Buy nothing from him (ever).

quite quiet

quite and quiet 

Since these two words are pronounced differently they should cause no bother, but they do!

quite, adverb, rhymes with white, quite white

quite easy
quite a lot

quiet, the adjective, has 2 syllables and is quite an unusual spelling! I can't think of another word in English that is similar. For an aid to memory how about as quiet as ET?

Also quietness, quietly.

the quiet man

all was quiet

quietly spoken

be quiet!

separate

It's a spelling word today. Separate is often mispelt with an E in 4th place. Remember it by the mnemonic, separate parade

That separates the men from the boys.
They slept in separate beds.
They went their separate ways.

Test yourself on what's been covered so far.

With your new knowledge, correct the mistakes.

1. puppy's for sale
2. Your late.
3. The dog likes chasing it's tail.
   
4. Don't loose your cool.
5. Those who witnessed the attack were shook up.
6. They visited Tom and I.
7. I've wrote the first 100 word's of my essay.
   
8. Her application for post of Head Teacher was unsuccessfull
9. Can you walk quicker?
10. He died tragicly.
11. This is my parent's house.
12. I got some good DVD's and book's.
13. All our rooms have complementary tea and coffee.
14. There waiting in the hall.
15. Do you need more practise?

ANSWERS: 

1. puppies for sale (plural puppies, puppy's=puppy is)
   
2. You're late. (=you are late)
   
3. The dog likes chasing its tail.(it's=it is)
   
4. Don't lose your cool. (see here)
5. Those who witnessed the attack were shaken up.(past participle)
6. They visited Tom and me. (object)
   
7. I've written the first 100 words of my essay.(past participle; plural not apostrophe)
8. Her application for post of head teacher was unsuccessful (capitals not required for a job title, -ful see here )
9. Can you walk more quickly? (adverb)
10. He died tragically. (adverb)
11. This is my parents' house.(assuming it means the house of my parents)
    
12. I got some good DVDs and books.(plural not apostrophe)
13. All our rooms have complimentary tea and coffee.(means free)
14. They're waiting in the hall.(= they are)
15. Do you need more practice? (noun)

sight or site

sight is to do with seeing

sight is one of the senses

eyesight

sightseeing

there was no sight or sound of him

out of sight

site is to do with position

the site of the ancient settlement

website

sites where people can take household items for disposal

a building site

Test yourself

1. in plain s_____
2. helicopters were deployed at the s_____ of the attack
   
3. Spanish explorers s_____ islands of Micronesia
4. he caught s_____ of her
5. s_____ access
6. help is in s_____
7. a sorry s_____
8. dawn over the islands was the most beautiful s_____ I have ever seen
9. a social networking s_____

Answers: paste them into FLIP


ǝʇıs ƃuıʞɹoʍʇǝu lɐıɔos ɐ ˙9  
uǝǝs ɹǝʌǝ ǝʌɐɥ ı ʇɥƃıs lnɟıʇnɐǝq ʇsoɯ ǝɥʇ sɐʍ spuɐlsı ǝɥʇ ɹǝʌo uʍɐp ˙8  
ʇɥƃıs ʎɹɹos ɐ ˙7  
ʇɥƃıs uı sı dlǝɥ ˙6  
ssǝɔɔɐ ǝʇıs ˙5  
ɹǝɥ ɟo ʇɥƃıs ʇɥƃnɐɔ ǝɥ ˙4  
ɐısǝuoɹɔıɯ ɟo spuɐlsı ʇɥƃıs sɹǝɹoldxǝ ɥsıuɐds ˙3  
ʞɔɐʇʇɐ ǝɥʇ ɟo ǝʇıs ǝɥʇ ʇɐ pǝʎoldǝp ǝɹǝʍ sɹǝʇdoɔılǝɥ ˙2  
ʇɥƃıs uıɐld uı ˙1  

stationery or stationary?

It's easy to distinguish these two.

stationery is paper and writing materials that you used to buy at a stationer's  and the -ery ending is the same as you get with confectionery or bakery other products to buy.

stationery cupboard
wedding stationery

stationary means not moving and is usually applied to vehicles. Remember it by a stationary car

stationary traffic

stationery traffic

Test yourself

1. We need more station_ry.
2. Beware of station_ry vehicles.
3. Slow-moving or station_ry traffic.
4. The Station_ry Bike by Stephen King.
5. Personalised station_ry
6. Restoration of old internal combustion station_ry engines. 

Answers: paste them into FLIP

 ˙sǝuıƃuǝ ʎɹɐuoıʇɐʇs uoıʇsnqɯoɔ lɐuɹǝʇuı plo ɟo uoıʇɐɹoʇsǝɹ 6
ʎɹǝuoıʇɐʇs pǝsılɐuosɹǝd 5
˙ƃuıʞ uǝɥdǝʇs ʎq ǝʞıq ʎɹɐuoıʇɐʇs ǝɥʇ 4
˙ɔıɟɟɐɹʇ ʎɹɐuoıʇɐʇs ɹo ƃuıʌoɯ-ʍols 3
˙sǝlɔıɥǝʌ ʎɹɐuoıʇɐʇs ɟo ǝɹɐʍǝq 2
˙ʎɹǝuoıʇɐʇs ǝɹoɯ pǝǝu ǝʍ 1

With compliments

compliment and complement and their adjectives complimentary and complementary

Let's start with the "i" word, compliment. 

to pay someone a compliment

a compliments slip is sent with a package

if you are given something "with our compliments" it means it is free of charge

"compliments of the season" is another way of saying season's greetings

similarly 

a complimentary remark

the review was less than complimentary

a complimentary drink = a free drink

so the "i" words are to do with saying nice things, being polite

Remember it by  "i" in polite

 

it should be, of course, "the wine complemented the meal"

The "e" words are to do with accompanying, going along with

the wine complements the main dish

complementary therapies

the staff members have complementary skills

Test yourself

1. He compl_mented the children for their good behaviour.
2. The Research Council for Compl_mentary Medicine.
3. Compl_mentary colours next to each other look balanced.
4. A compl_mentary welcome pack is supplied.
5. Steak with a compl_ment of seasonal vegetables.

 
Answers: paste upside down answers into FLIP

˙sǝlqɐʇǝƃǝʌ lɐuosɐǝs ɟo ʇuǝɯǝldɯoɔ ɐ ɥʇıʍ ʞɐǝʇs 5
˙pǝılddns sı ʞɔɐd ǝɯoɔlǝʍ ʎɹɐʇuǝɯıldɯoɔ ɐ 4
˙pǝɔuɐlɐq ʞool ɹǝɥʇo ɥɔɐǝ oʇ ʇxǝu sɹnoloɔ ʎɹɐʇuǝɯǝldɯoɔ 3
˙ǝuıɔıpǝɯ ʎɹɐʇuǝɯǝldɯoɔ ɹoɟ lıɔunoɔ ɥɔɹɐǝsǝɹ ǝɥʇ 2
˙ɹnoıʌɐɥǝq pooƃ ɹıǝɥʇ ɹoɟ uǝɹplıɥɔ ǝɥʇ pǝʇuǝɯıldɯoɔ ǝɥ 1